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Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. [161] Just before Christmas, the Empress left the castle unobserved, crossed the icy river on foot and made her escape to Wallingford. (2000) "Ellis Peters: Brother Cadfael," in Browne, Ray Broadus and Lawrence A. Kreiser. [16], With Henry's support, he rapidly began to accumulate lands and possessions. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. [209] In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [39] His wife, Matilda, played a major role in running their vast English estates, which contributed to the couple being the second-richest lay household in the country after the King and Queen. [131], Ranulf of Chester remained upset over Stephen's gift of the north of England to Prince Henry. [42] The King then appointed him Bishop of Winchester, one of the richest bishoprics, allowing him to retain Glastonbury as well. He also worked with space-time singularities. [168] Geoffrey gave in, but once free he headed north-east into the Fens to the Isle of Ely, from where he began a military campaign against Cambridge, with the intention of progressing south towards London. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. [101] Ranulf had previously claimed that he had the rights to Lincoln Castle, held by Stephen, and under the guise of a social visit, Ranulf seized the fortification in a surprise attack. 165, 167; Stringer, pp. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [70] The Easter court was a lavish event, and a large amount of money was spent on the event itself, clothes and gifts. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. 1 SEASON. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [141] The Empress now began to take the necessary steps to have herself crowned queen in his place, which would require the agreement of the church and her coronation at Westminster. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". David Carpenter and R. Davis, however, observe that Stephen had ended up breaking his promises to the Church, was forced to appear before a church court, and damaged his relationship with Henry of Blois, which would have grave implications in 1141. WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester. His father died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. The degree to which Stephen's supporters at the, As described below, the name "the Anarchy" for this conflict originates with the Victorian scholar. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. [250], Stephen of Blois married Matilda of Boulogne in 1125. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. [88] There were significant underlying problems, nonetheless. [1][nb 1] His father was Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres, an important French nobleman, and an active crusader, who played only a brief part in Stephen's early life. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [212] By this point in the war, the barons on both sides seem to have been eager to avoid an open battle. [94] Unfortunately, the powerful Ranulf I, Earl of Chester, considered himself to hold the traditional rights to Carlisle and Cumberland and was extremely displeased to see them being given to the Scots. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions. [193], In the final years of the war, Stephen began to focus on the issue of his family and the succession. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . White (1990), p. 12, cited Bradbury, p. 211. [133], While Stephen and his army besieged Lincoln Castle at the start of 1141, Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf of Chester advanced on the King's position with a somewhat larger force. [246] Historian Keith Stringer provides a more positive portrayal of Stephen, arguing that his ultimate failure as king was the result of external pressures on the Norman state, rather than the result of personal failings. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. [4][nb 2], France in the 12th century was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under the minimal control of the King of France. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. 159160; Chibnall, pp. God's War: a New History of the Crusades. The King's power was linked to his control of the rich province of le-de-France, just to the east of Stephen's home county of Blois. Writing Medieval Biography, 7501250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow. Westminster Abbey and its people, c.1050-c.1216. [245] Historian and biographer Edmund King, whilst painting a slightly more positive picture than Davis, also concludes that Stephen, while a stoic, pious and genial leader, was also rarely, if ever, his own man, usually relying upon stronger characters such as his brother or wife. [160] In September, he spotted an opportunity to seize the Empress Matilda herself in Oxford. [192][nb 22], Although still young, Henry was increasingly gaining a reputation as an energetic and capable leader. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. [25] In the middle of this confrontation, Henry unexpectedly fell ill and died near Lyons-la-Fort. 1 SEASON. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. 94, 115; Barlow, p. 162. Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144, splitting up Stephen's Honour of Lancaster between himself and Prince Henry. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. An argument then broke out between a group of reformers based in York and backed by Bernard of Clairvaux, the head of the Cistercian order, who preferred William of Rievaulx as the new archbishop, and Stephen and his brother Henry, who preferred various Blois family relatives. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. [51] There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath. [94] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. 279280; Bradbury, p. 187. [18] In 1127, William Clito, a potential claimant to the English throne, seemed likely to become the Count of Flanders; Stephen was sent by the King on a mission to prevent this, and in the aftermath of his successful election, William Clito attacked Stephen's lands in neighbouring Boulogne in retaliation. [38], Rumours about his father's cowardice during the First Crusade, however, continued to circulate, and a desire to avoid the same reputation may have influenced some of Stephen's rasher military actions. [13] Adela and Theobald allied themselves with Henry, and Stephen's mother decided to place him in Henry's court. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. The nature of Henry's administration and the links between England and Normandy have been hotly debated by historians. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The papacy named Henry papal legate, possibly as consolation for not receiving Canterbury. Both Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, and his older brother Theobald died in 1152. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. 50m. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. [91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [15] Stephen probably first visited England in either 1113 or 1115, almost certainly as part of Henry's court. [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. King (2010), pp. (2000) "The Impact of 'Foreign' Troops in the Civil Wars of Stephen's Reign," in Dunn, Diana E. S. (ed) (2000), Coulson, Charles. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France as the fourth son of Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. WebStephen Hawking. The royal administration under Henry I had been headed by Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, supported by Roger's nephews, Alexander and Nigel, the Bishops of Lincoln and Ely respectively, and Roger's son, Lord Chancellor Roger le Poer. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. [42] Henry of Winchester was keen to reverse what he perceived as encroachment by the Norman kings on the rights of the church. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. [121][nb 17], Having released the Empress, Stephen focused on pacifying the south-west of England. [185][nb 21] Many of the barons were making individual peace agreements with each other to secure their lands and war gains. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. [130] In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, to which Stephen sent his wife. (2000) "Stephen of Blois, count of Mortain and Boulogne". Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. (ed) (1998), Coss, Peter. [53] David I of Scotland invaded the north on the news of Henry's death, taking Carlisle, Newcastle and other key strongholds. [202] When Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, went to consult with the Pope on the matter against Stephen's wishes, the King refused to allow him back into England either, and seized his estates. (2002) "From Feudalism to Bastard Feudalism," in, Gillingham, John. [3][nb 3] Stephen's remaining older brother, Odo, died young, probably in his early teens. Weiler, Bjorn. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . TV-PG. [35] A fresh rebellion broke out in southern Normandy, and Geoffrey and Matilda intervened militarily on behalf of the rebels. [152] Henry's alliance with the Empress proved short-lived, as they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the bishop met the Queen at Guildford and transferred his support to her. WebStephen Hawking. King, Edmund. [206] Stephen then made a fresh attempt to have Eustace crowned at Easter 1152, gathering his nobles to swear fealty to Eustace, and then insisting that Theobald and his bishops anoint him king. [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). [110][nb 14], Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, was alarmed by this, both as a matter of principle, since Stephen had previously agreed in 1135 to respect the freedoms of the church, and more pragmatically because he himself had recently built six castles and had no desire to be treated in the same way. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial landsusually considered to be the most valuableand younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The Beaumont twins and their younger brother and cousins received the majority of these new earldoms. [204] Stephen's preferred option was to have Eustace crowned while he himself was still alive, as was the custom in France, but this was not the normal practice in England, and Celestine II, during his brief tenure as pope between 1143 and 1144, had banned any change to this practice. After the Welsh victory at the battle of Llwchwr in January 1136 and the successful ambush of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare in April, south Wales rose in rebellion, starting in east Glamorgan and rapidly spreading across the rest of south Wales during 1137. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. [134] When the news reached Stephen, he held a council to decide whether to give battle or to withdraw and gather additional soldiers: Stephen decided to fight, resulting in the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. [71] Stephen gave out grants of land and favours to those present and endowed numerous church foundations with land and privileges. Stephen was probably with Henry during the military campaign of 1112, when he was knighted by the King. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. [190] Following this peace agreement, Henry and Ranulf agreed to attack York, probably with help from the Scots. Aubrey threatened that Stephen would complain to the pope that he was being harassed by the English church, and the council let the matter rest following an unsuccessful appeal to Rome. [156] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[156] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. [175] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell. [78] Henry wanted to succeed to the post, but Stephen instead supported Theobald of Bec, who was eventually appointed. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . The early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matilda's husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. [213], In the aftermath of Wallingford, Stephen and Henry spoke together privately about a potential end to the war; Stephen's son Eustace, however, was furious about the peaceful outcome at Wallingford. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. [248] Peters' depiction of Stephen's reign is an essentially local narrative, focused on the town of Shrewsbury and its environs. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. [156] Henry held another church council, which this time reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. [241][nb 24] The late-Victorian scholar Frederic William Maitland also introduced the possibility that Stephen's reign marked a turning point in English legal historythe so-called "tenurial crisis". Of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access he!, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form.... Have been hotly debated by historians decided to place him in Henry 's administration and the links between and... 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